不规则动词 Irregular Verbs
考试：📘 KET ✓ 📙 PET ✓ 📕 FCE·雅思 ✓ 分类：词法 考试入口：KET语法清单 | PET语法清单 关联：一般过去时 Simple Past | 现在完成时 Present Perfect
核心规则（Grammar Core）
为什么要单独学不规则动词？
英语时态离不开动词变形。规则动词加 -ed 就行（play→played），但最常用的动词几乎全是不规则的——go/see/take/make/come/get…这些你每天都用的词，每一个都有自己独特的变形。
不背会不规则动词 → 过去时写不对 → 完成时也写不对 → 时态全线崩盘。
三种变形（V1 → V2 → V3）
| 名称 | 用于 | 示例 |
|---|---|---|
| V1 原形 | 一般现在时 | I go to school. |
| V2 过去式 | 一般过去时 | I went to school yesterday. |
| V3 过去分词 | 现在完成时 / 被动语态 | I have gone home. |
分类记忆法（比死记硬背快3倍）
AAA 型 · 三个一样（最简单）
| V1 原形 | V2 过去式 | V3 过去分词 | 中文 |
|---|---|---|---|
| cut | cut | cut | 切 |
| put | put | put | 放 |
| let | let | let | 让 |
| shut | shut | shut | 关 |
| hit | hit | hit | 打/撞 |
| hurt | hurt | hurt | 伤害 |
| cost | cost | cost | 花费 |
| read /riːd/ | read /red/ | read /red/ | 读（拼写不变，发音变！） |
口诀：cut-put-let-shut-hit-hurt-cost，切了放好让它关，打到受伤花了钱。
ABB 型 · 过去式 = 过去分词
| V1 | V2 = V3 | 中文 | 记忆提示 |
|---|---|---|---|
| buy | bought | 买 | -ought 家族 |
| bring | brought | 带来 | -ought 家族 |
| think | thought | 想 | -ought 家族 |
| teach | taught | 教 | -aught 家族 |
| catch | caught | 抓 | -aught 家族 |
| find | found | 发现 | -ound |
| have | had | 有 | 简单 |
| make | made | 做 | 去 k 加 d |
| say | said /sed/ | 说 | 发音变 |
| tell | told | 告诉 | o 替换 e |
| sell | sold | 卖 | o 替换 e |
| feel | felt | 感觉 | 缩短 + t |
| keep | kept | 保持 | 缩短 + t |
| sleep | slept | 睡觉 | 缩短 + t |
| leave | left | 离开 | -eft |
| meet | met | 遇见 | 缩短 |
| sit | sat | 坐 | a 替换 i |
| win | won | 赢 | o 替换 i |
| lose | lost | 丢失 | 去 e 加 t |
| pay | paid | 付款 | 去 y 加 id |
| get | got | 得到 | o 替换 e |
| stand | stood | 站 | -ood |
| understand | understood | 理解 | 同 stand |
| hear | heard | 听见 | 加 d |
| build | built | 建造 | 去 d 加 t |
| send | sent | 寄 | 去 d 加 t |
| spend | spent | 花费 | 去 d 加 t |
| lend | lent | 借出 | 去 d 加 t |
-ought/-aught 家族（5个一组记）：buy→bought, bring→brought, think→thought, teach→taught, catch→caught
缩短+t 家族（4个一组记）：feel→felt, keep→kept, sleep→slept, leave→left
去d加t 家族（4个一组记）：build→built, send→sent, spend→spent, lend→lent
ABC 型 · 三个全不同（最需要记）
| V1 | V2 | V3 | 中文 | 记忆提示 |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| go | went | gone | 去 | 三个全变，死记 |
| do | did | done | 做 | 三个全变 |
| be | was/were | been | 是 | 三个全变 |
| see | saw | seen | 看见 | -n 结尾 |
| eat | ate /eɪt/ | eaten | 吃 | -en 结尾 |
| take | took | taken | 拿 | -en 结尾 |
| give | gave | given | 给 | -en 结尾 |
| write | wrote | written | 写 | 双 t + en |
| drive | drove | driven | 开车 | -en 结尾 |
| speak | spoke | spoken | 说 | -en 结尾 |
| break | broke | broken | 打破 | -en 结尾 |
| choose | chose | chosen | 选择 | -en 结尾 |
| know | knew | known | 知道 | kn- 保留 |
| grow | grew | grown | 生长 | -ow → -ew → -own |
| throw | threw | thrown | 扔 | -ow → -ew → -own |
| fly | flew | flown | 飞 | 类似 grow |
| draw | drew | drawn | 画 | 类似 grow |
| run | ran | run | 跑 | V3 = V1 |
| come | came | come | 来 | V3 = V1 |
| become | became | become | 成为 | 同 come |
| begin | began | begun | 开始 | i→a→u |
| drink | drank | drunk | 喝 | i→a→u |
| swim | swam | swum | 游泳 | i→a→u |
| sing | sang | sung | 唱 | i→a→u |
| ring | rang | rung | 响铃 | i→a→u |
-en 结尾家族（最大组）：see→seen, eat→eaten, take→taken, give→given, write→written, drive→driven, speak→spoken, break→broken, choose→chosen
-ow → -ew → -own 家族：know→knew→known, grow→grew→grown, throw→threw→thrown, fly→flew→flown, draw→drew→drawn
i→a→u 元音梯：begin→began→begun, drink→drank→drunk, swim→swam→swum, sing→sang→sung, ring→rang→rung
Grammar Lens
KET 高频 Top 20（优先背这些）
| V1 | V2 | V3 | 频率 |
|---|---|---|---|
| be | was/were | been | ★★★★★ |
| have | had | had | ★★★★★ |
| do | did | done | ★★★★★ |
| go | went | gone | ★★★★★ |
| get | got | got | ★★★★★ |
| make | made | made | ★★★★ |
| say | said | said | ★★★★ |
| see | saw | seen | ★★★★ |
| come | came | come | ★★★★ |
| take | took | taken | ★★★★ |
| give | gave | given | ★★★★ |
| know | knew | known | ★★★★ |
| think | thought | thought | ★★★ |
| find | found | found | ★★★ |
| tell | told | told | ★★★ |
| write | wrote | written | ★★★ |
| leave | left | left | ★★★ |
| feel | felt | felt | ★★★ |
| buy | bought | bought | ★★★ |
| run | ran | run | ★★★ |
😂 Grammar Joke
不规则动词的绝望
English teacher’s confession: I teach, I taught, I have taught. I think, I thought, I have thought. I bring, I brought, I have brought. I buy, I bought… wait, that’s the same as bring! I fight, I fought… that’s the same pattern too! I seek, I sought… OK, English, are you just being lazy now?
Student: “If ‘teach’ becomes ‘taught’, why doesn’t ‘reach’ become ‘raught’?” Teacher: “Because English doesn’t love you.”
语法点：-ought/-aught 家族看起来有规律，但 reach→reached 又回到规则变化。英语的”规律”总有例外——所以才叫”不规则”动词。
🏛 语言文化光点
不规则动词是英语最古老的词
规则的 -ed 是后来发明的”偷懒系统”。新词几乎全用 -ed：google→googled, text→texted, blog→blogged。
不规则动词之所以”不规则”，是因为它们太老了——go→went 来自一个完全不同的古英语动词 wendan（行走）。英语把两个词合并了：go 做现在时，went 做过去时。这就像中文把”去”的过去式换成了一个完全不同的字。
所以每次你背不规则动词表时，你其实是在跟1000年前的盎格鲁-撒克逊人说同一种语言。
📖 Real English · 真实阅读
🔵 A Bad Day
Tom woke up late this morning. He got dressed quickly and ran to the bus stop, but the bus had already left. He took a taxi instead — it cost him all his pocket money. When he arrived at school, the teacher said, “You’re late again.” Tom sat down and opened his bag. His homework wasn’t there. He had left it on the kitchen table. He felt terrible. At lunch, he bought a sandwich, but he dropped it on the floor. His friend saw him and gave him half of hers. “Thanks,” Tom said. “This has been the worst day ever.” His friend thought about it and said, “At least you came to school. That took courage.”
🔵 The Boy Who Became King
A thousand years ago, a young boy became King of England. His name was Edward, and he was only nine years old. His father had died in battle, and the nobles chose Edward to rule. He sat on the throne, but he could not read the laws that his advisors brought him. He spoke only a few words at his coronation. The people knew he was too young, but they had no choice. For three years, the real power lay in the hands of his uncle, who made all the decisions. Edward grew up fast. By the time he was fifteen, he had taken control of the kingdom himself.
🔵 How I Won the Science Fair
Last month, I took part in the school science fair. I built a small robot that could find its way through a maze. First, I drew the design on paper. Then I bought the parts online and spent three weeks building it. The robot ran on batteries and used sensors to detect walls. On the day of the fair, I felt very nervous. I put the robot in the maze and held my breath. It went left, then right, then left again — and it found the exit! The judges gave me first prize. I could not believe it. My dad said he was proud of me. It was the best day I have ever had.
📝 中文注释（先读完英文再展开）
糟糕的一天：woke/got/ran/left/took/cost/arrived/said/sat/opened/felt/bought/dropped/saw/gave/thought/came/took——一段话里18个不规则动词过去式，几乎每句一个。这就是日常叙事中不规则动词的真实密度。
成为国王的少年：became/was/had died/chose/sat/could/read/brought/spoke/knew/had/lay/made/grew/had taken——历史叙事中的不规则动词。注意 lay 是 lie（躺/位于）的过去式，不是 lay（放置）的原形。choose→chose 和 speak→spoke 是 ABC 型。
科学展获奖：took/built/could/drew/bought/spent/ran/used/felt/put/held/went/found/gave/said/was/have had——从设计到获奖的完整叙事。注意 put→put（AAA型，不变）、build→built（去d加t家族）、spend→spent（去d加t家族）的归类。
练习题
📘 KET 基础（5题）
- 写出过去式：go → _____ see → _____ take → _____
- 写出过去式：buy → _____ think → _____ teach → _____（-ought 家族）
- 写出过去式：feel → _____ keep → _____ sleep → _____（缩短+t 家族）
- 写出过去分词：see → _____ eat → _____ give → _____（-en 家族）
- 哪些动词三态不变？写出3个。
📙 PET 进阶（3题）
- 填空（过去式 + 过去分词混合）： She (1)_____ (go) to Paris last year. She has (2)_____ (be) there three times. Yesterday she (3)_____ (buy) a painting. She has never (4)_____ (spend) so much money on art.
- i→a→u 家族填表：begin → _____ → _____ / swim → _____ → _____
- 用10个不同的不规则动词过去式，写一段5句话的”我的周末”。
🔗 节点关系
一般过去时（V2 过去式）
↓
不规则动词 ──────┬─ AAA 型（cut/put/let...）
├─ ABB 型（bought/taught/felt...）
├─ ABC 型（go-went-gone...）
└─ 现在完成时（V3 过去分词）
双链跳转： 一般过去时 Simple Past | 现在完成时 Present Perfect | 一般现在时 Simple Present
Code & Rob · K12英语语法库 · KET/PET, 2026