易混词辨析 Confusing Words
考试：📙 PET ✓ 📕 FCE·雅思 ✓ 中考 ✓ 分类：词法 考试入口：PET语法清单 | FCE·雅思语法清单 关联：代词 Pronouns | 情态动词 Modal Verbs
核心规则（Grammar Core）
第一组：感知动词——主动 vs 被动
| 主动（我主动去做） | 被动（自然发生） | 中文区别 |
|---|---|---|
| listen to（专心听） | hear（不经意听到） | 听 vs 听见 |
| look at（主动看） | see（不经意看见） | 看 vs 看见 |
| watch（持续看，如电视/比赛） | see（看电影/演出） | 专注看 vs 看了 |
I was listening to music when I heard a strange sound.
↑ 主动在听 ↑ 突然听见
Look at that bird! — Can you see it behind the tree?
↑ 主动去看 ↑ 是否看见了
第二组：say / tell / speak / talk
| 词 | 结构 | 例句 |
|---|---|---|
| say | say sth (to sb) | She said “hello.” / She said that she was tired. |
| tell | tell sb sth / tell sb (that)… | He told me the news. / She told him to wait. |
| speak | speak to sb / speak a language | Can I speak to the manager? / She speaks French. |
| talk | talk to/with sb (about sth) | They talked for hours. / Let’s talk about it. |
⚠️ tell 后面必须接人（宾语）：tell me / tell her / tell us say 后面不直接接人：say to me（加 to）/ said that（加 that 从句）
第三组：bring / take / fetch
| 词 | 方向 | 例句 |
|---|---|---|
| bring | 带来（向说话者方向） | Bring me a glass of water, please. |
| take | 带走（离开说话者） | Take your umbrella. It might rain. |
| fetch | 去取来（来回一趟） | Can you fetch the book from the shelf? |
第四组：do / make
规则：无法死记时，do 侧重过程/活动，make 侧重结果/产出。
| do + 活动 | make + 产出 |
|---|---|
| do homework | make a mistake |
| do the dishes / cooking / cleaning | make a decision |
| do exercise | make a noise |
| do business | make a phone call |
| do one’s best | make a list |
| do damage | make progress |
| do research | make an effort |
第五组：borrow / lend
| 词 | 方向 | 例句 |
|---|---|---|
| borrow | 借入（我借别人的） | Can I borrow your pen? |
| lend | 借出（我借给别人） | Can you lend me your pen? |
I borrow FROM you. ← 我从你那里借
You lend TO me. ← 你借给我
两句话意思相同，主语不同。
第六组：fewer / less
| 词 | 搭配 | 例句 |
|---|---|---|
| fewer | 可数名词（复数） | Fewer students came today. |
| less | 不可数名词 | We have less time than I thought. |
超市里经常看到 "10 items or less" — 这是常见错误，严格来说应该是 "10 items or fewer"。但这个错误已经被接受为口语常用。考试里仍写 fewer + 可数名词。
第七组：rise / raise
| 词 | 词性 | 用法 | 例句 |
|---|---|---|---|
| rise | 不及物动词（自己动） | rise - rose - risen | The sun rises in the east. Prices are rising. |
| raise | 及物动词（别人推动） | raise - raised - raised | Raise your hand. They raised the price. |
Grammar Lens
对比辨析：see / watch / look at ⚠️
最容易混的三个"看"
场景 用词 原因 看电影 see a film 作为完整体验，go to see a film 看电视 watch TV 持续盯着看 看比赛 watch a game 持续关注 看一幅画 look at a painting 主动把目光投向 不经意看见某物 see something 没有主动意图 “Let’s go see a film tonight.” ✅ “I watched the game for three hours.” ✅ “Look at that cloud — doesn’t it look like a rabbit?” ✅ “I saw something strange on the way home.” ✅
对比辨析：rob / steal / cheat ⚠️
| 词 | 宾语 | 例句 |
|---|---|---|
| rob | rob a person / place | They robbed the bank. / He robbed me. |
| steal | steal a thing | Someone stole my wallet. |
| cheat | cheat in/at / cheat sb | She cheated in the exam. / He cheated me. |
“They stole the bank.” ❌ → “They robbed the bank.” ✅ “Someone robbed my wallet.” ❌ → “Someone stole my wallet.” ✅
对比辨析：affect / effect
| 词 | 词性 | 例句 |
|---|---|---|
| affect | 动词 | Stress affects your health. |
| effect | 名词 | Stress has a negative effect on your health. |
记忆法：Affect = Action（动词）；Effect = End result（名词）。
😂 Grammar Joke
Say What?
Teacher: “Tell me a sentence using the word ‘say’.” Student: “My mother said me to clean my room.” Teacher: “No — say doesn’t take a direct object that’s a person. Try again.” Student: “My mother told to me to clean my room.” Teacher: “No — tell needs the person without ‘to’. My mother told me.” Student: “So… my mother communicated her desire for room hygiene?” Teacher: “Perfect. Now go clean your room.”
tell me（✅ 不加 to）/ say to me（✅ 加 to）/ said me（❌ say 不能直接接人）
🏛 语言文化光点
为什么英语有这么多”看”和”听”？
大多数语言有多个”看”和”听”，区别在于主动程度。英语把这个区别精确地编码进词汇里：
- hear / see = 感官接收，被动，像传感器
- listen / look / watch = 注意力主动投入，像探照灯
日文里的 みる（miru）既可以是”看”也可以是”看见”，靠语境区分；英文用两个词。这不是英语更复杂——而是英语在这个维度上切得更细。
borrow / lend 的区分也是英语精确的地方。很多语言（包括中文”借”）同一个词既表示借入又表示借出，靠语境判断。英语用两个词，把”方向”编进了词汇本身。
例题精讲
例1（📙 PET · say/tell）
She _____ me that she was feeling unwell. / She _____ she needed to go home.
答案：told me（tell + 人）/ said（say + that 从句，不直接接人）。
例2（📙 PET · do/make）
She _____ a lot of mistakes, but she also _____ her best.
答案：made mistakes / did her best。
例3（📙 PET · borrow/lend）
Can I _____ your dictionary? / Can you _____ me your dictionary?
答案：borrow your dictionary（我借你的）/ lend me your dictionary（你借给我）。
例4（中考 · fewer/less）
There are _____ students in class today — _____ than ten people came.
答案：fewer students（可数）/ fewer than ten（可数）。
例5（📕 FCE · rise/raise）
改错：
“The government decided to rise taxes next year.”
答案：raise taxes（及物，别人推动价格上升）→ “The government decided to raise taxes next year.”
例6（中考 · bring/take）
Don’t forget to _____ your ID card when you go to the exam.（take / bring） _____ me the book from the shelf, please.（Take / Bring / Fetch）
答案：take（带走，你离开说话者去考场）/ Bring or Fetch（带来/去取来，送到我这里）。
📖 Real English · 真实阅读
🔵 The Lost Wallet
Yesterday, someone stole Tom’s wallet on the bus. He watched helplessly as a man in a grey coat reached into his bag. By the time Tom looked at the man directly, the coat had disappeared into the crowd. Tom told the driver what had happened. The driver said he had seen nothing. “Look at the CCTV,” Tom said. The footage showed everything — the hand, the coat, the face. “See?” Tom said. “I told you.” The police came within twenty minutes. The theft had no effect on Tom’s day, he said later — but it did affect his view of people for a while.
🔵 The Science Project
“Lend me your calculator,” Sara said. “Borrow one from someone else,” said Jake. “I need mine.” Sara made a frustrated face. “You’re doing this on purpose.” “No, I’m doing the assignment,” Jake said. “Make up your mind — do you want to finish the project or do you want to argue?” Sara did some quick mental maths and said nothing. Later, the teacher said their project had the fewest errors of any group. “You two work well together,” she said. Jake looked at Sara. Sara said nothing. She just raised one eyebrow. Jake raised his hand. “Thank you,” he said.
🔵 The Press Conference
The director of the institute spoke to reporters for over an hour. She said that the new findings would have a major effect on public health policy. When a reporter asked her to talk about the risks, she spoke carefully. “We don’t want to say too much before the full study is published,” she said. “But the early data shows that fewer people are affected than we first feared.” Another reporter asked: “Are you saying the risk is lower?” She paused. “I’m saying that the number of people affected is smaller. Whether the risk itself has decreased — that takes more research.” The room was quiet for a moment. Then everyone began to talk at once.
📝 中文注释（先读完英文再展开）
失踪的钱包：steal（steal a wallet，偷东西）；watched helplessly（watch 主动持续看）；looked at（主动把视线投向）；had seen nothing（see，不经意间看到/没看到）；“See?”（口语：你看，你明白了吗？）；effect on Tom’s day（名词）vs affected his view（动词）。
科学项目：lend me（借给我）vs borrow one from someone（从别人那里借）；do the assignment（do + 活动）；made a face（make + 产出性结果）；fewest errors（fewer 的最高级，可数名词）；raised one eyebrow（raise 及物，身体部位”抬起来”）；raised his hand（raise his hand，举手）。
新闻发布会：spoke to（speak to + 人）；said that（say + that 从句）；asked her to talk about（ask sb to do sth）；“Are you saying…?”；fewer people are affected（fewer + 可数名词）；fewer people = smaller number；affect（动词，影响到了某些人）。
练习题
📙 PET 基础（6题）
- Can you _____ me how to get to the station? (say / tell)
- I _____ your coat — it looks great! (watched / looked at / saw)
- She _____ her homework quickly and then went out. (made / did)
- The noise outside _____ my concentration. (affects / effects)
- The new policy will _____ prices significantly. (rise / raise)
- _____ me your notes for tomorrow’s exam. (Lend / Borrow)
中考综合（3题）
- 改错：
“He robbed my phone when I wasn’t looking.” - 选词填空：bring / take — “Don’t forget to _____ a gift when you go to her party.” — “Please _____ me a glass of water.”
- 完成句子：fewer / less — “We have _____ milk than yesterday.” — “There are _____ problems now than before.”
🔗 节点关系
词法节点群
↓
易混词辨析 ──┬── 感知动词（hear/listen · see/watch/look）
├── 言语动词（say/tell/speak/talk）
├── 方向动词（bring/take/fetch · borrow/lend）
├── 产出动词（do/make）
└── 词性混淆（rise/raise · affect/effect · fewer/less）
双链跳转： 代词 Pronouns | 不规则动词 Irregular Verbs | 情态动词 Modal Verbs | 比较级与最高级 Comparatives & Superlatives